ABSTRACT
Under the catalysis of a variety of metabolic enzymes in vivo, such as UDP-glucuronyl transferases, cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase, sulfotransferase, butyrylcholinesterase, catechol-O-methyl transferase and 6-morphine dehydrogenase, the drugs perform glucuronidation, hydrolysis, oxidation, sulfonation and other reactions, then translate into active or inactive metabolites, which are excreted through urination, bile or the other pathways at last. Different drugs own their different metabolic pathways. This paper introduces the studies about the metabolism of drugs in human and animal in recent years, such as morphine-like drugs, amphetamine, ketamine, cannabis and cocaine, and reviews the research progress about the sites of metabolism, metabolic enzymes, metabolites and physiological activity of those drugs metabolic in vivo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Carboxylesterase/metabolism , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Cholinesterases/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism , Illicit Drugs/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Sulfotransferases/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To develop a method of SPE-LC-MS/MS for the determination of doxepin in whole blood.@*METHODS@#After solid phase extraction, the samples were identified by LC-MS/MS. Positive ion electrospray ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected. Amitriptyline was used as internal standard. The m/z of doxepin: 280-->107, 280-->235 and 280-->220. The m/z of amitriptyline: 278-->233. The retaining time of doxepin and amitriptyline were 15.15 and 16.94 min, respectively.@*RESULTS@#The calibration curve was linear among the concentration of doxepin range from 0.005 to 1.00 microg/mL. The linear correlation equation was y = 3.2047x + 0.0339, the correlation coefficient was 0.9996. The detection limit of doxepin was 0.001 microg/mL and average recovery rate was 78.0%-82.9%. The relative standard precision for within-day and between-day were less than 2.55% and 5.90%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The method is effective, simple, reliable and can be used in the determination of doxepin in whole blood.
Subject(s)
Humans , Amitriptyline/blood , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/poisoning , Biomarkers/blood , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Doxepin/poisoning , Drug Overdose , Forensic Toxicology , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To develop a method to measure trihexyphenidyl, chlorpromazine and clozapine in human blood with GC-MS.@*METHODS@#The specimens were alkalized (pH > 10) and extracted with V (benzene):V(ethyl acetate) = 1:1, and qualitatively analyzed using GC-MS-Full Scan with internal standard SKF525A. The specimens were alkalized (pH > 10) and extracted with V(benzene):V(ethyl acetate) = 1:1, and quantitatively analyzed using GC-MS-SIM with internal standard diazepam-d5.@*RESULTS@#The lowest detection limits of trihexyphenidyl, chlorpromazine and clozapine were 0.3, 0.3 and 0.7 ng/mL (S/N > or = 3) respectively. The calibration curve in 20-10 000 ng/mL showed a good linear distribution. The recovery rate was 79.9% to 85.5%. The RSDs of intraday and interday were less than 5.1%.@*CONCLUSION@#The established method was simple, sensitive and accurate for simultaneous determination of trihexyphenidyl, chlorpromazine and clozapine in human blood, and can be applied in forensic toxicological cases.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Chlorpromazine/blood , Clozapine/blood , Forensic Toxicology , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Solvents/chemistry , Trihexyphenidyl/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To develop a specific CZE method for the determination of methamphetamine in whole blood after solid phase extraction.@*METHODS@#With the doxapram as internal standard, Oasis column was used to extract drugs from whole blood and the sample was analysized by CZE.@*RESULTS@#The method showed excellent linearity and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.994. The relative standard deviation for between-day and within-day were 5.31% and 2.22%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The method is effective, simple, reliable and has been used in the determination of methamphetamine in whole blood.